Human saliva is rich in proteins of variable functions (e.g., enzymes, immunoglobulins, cytokines) and origin (blood plasma, salivary glands, or oral microflora). Circadian dynamics, volume and composition (electrolytes, pH, protein, etc.) of secreted saliva vary with local and systemic physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Therefore, the composition of saliva, protein in particular, has been intensively investigated to identify the potential markers and/or mechanisms of systemic and local diseases. Proteomic techniques used for the analysis of biological fluids have enabled great advances in salivary protein stabilization (as the main precondition for their analysis) and detection of those found in saliva in very low concentrations, including small proteins and peptides. This review brings the main characteristics of current proteomic techniques such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, two-dimensional electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, and surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization/time of flight/mass spectrometry. These techniques enable simultaneous identification of hundreds and thousands of protein molecules, as well as identifying those of a potential biological value in particular states. This literature review is focused on the state-of-the-art and possibilities offered by proteomic techniques in analyzing the effects of orthodontic appliances on salivary protein composition and searching for potential markers of therapeutic success/failure or for the molecules by which therapeutic effects are achieved.Inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to an increase in antibiotic resistance. Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria are a serious threat to public health. This study aimed to compare data on inpatient antibiotic consumption with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli invasive strains in Montenegro and provide targets for improving antibiotic use. We used the national data on antibiotic consumption from 2009 to 2015, Point Prevalence Survey data on inpatient antibiotic consumption from 2015, and national AMR data on 79 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 68 Escherichia coli isolates collected from 8 hospitals from 2016 to 2018. The most commonly used antibiotics were third-generation cephalosporins with a median annual consumption of 0.66 DDD/1000/day. Ceftriaxone was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic in the treatment of community/hospital acquired infections and surgical/medical prophylaxis. The highest resistance rates were recorded for Klebsiella pneumoniae to ceftriaxone, ceftazidime and gentamicin (93.59%, 90.79% and 89.87%, respectively), and Escherichia coli to aminopenicillins, ceftriaxone and ceftazidime (89.06%, 70.15% and 61.54%, respectively). High consumption of broad-spectrum antibiotics in Montenegro is accompanied by the high rate of resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli to these agents. Antibiotic misuse demands the introduction of an antimicrobial stewardship program in Montenegrin hospitals.Colorectal wall thickening is a condition which is occasionally encountered on computed tomography (CT) investigations. Malignancies and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be the most common and most important pathologies in some cases. Our objective in this study was to evaluate colonoscopy results in patients with increased colorectal wall thickness identified on CT. Patients with colorectal wall thickening detected on abdominal CT taken for different indications in different healthcare facilities between October 2009 and March 2015 were evaluated. These patients were referred to gastroenterology department, received colonoscopy, and the results were compared retrospectively and statistically. A total of 132 patients having undergone colonoscopy for colonic wall thickening detected on CT were evaluated retrospectively. With the colonoscopies performed, malignancies were detected in 38 (28.8%), Crohn's disease in two (1.5%), diverticulitis in 18 (13.6%) and colorectal polyp in 30 (22.7%) patients. Colonoscopy results were normal in 44 patients. All patients with colorectal malignancies were over 60 years of age, yielding a statistically significant figure (p=0.01). The mean hemoglobin level was 12.8 g/dL in patients with normal colonoscopy as compared with 9.5 g/dL in those with malignancies (p=0.001). On multivariate analysis, hemoglobin and age were the only significant variables to predict an abnormal result on endoscopy. Detecting colonic wall thickening on CT may indicate malignancy, especially in patients who are over 50 years of age and have hemoglobin values less than 10 g/dL.The rising prevalence of overweight and obesity is characterized as a pandemic of the modern era. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of overweight and obesity in healthy blood donors in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia, and the relationship between socio-demographic factors, lifestyle and eating habits, and body mass index (BMI), including the association of these factors with overweight and obesity. This cross-sectional study included 1255 healthy individuals aged between 18 and 70 years who donated blood between January 2015 and October 2016 at the Clinical Institute of Transfusion Medicine. Each participant completed a questionnaire regarding weight, height, blood type, socio-demographic factors, health parameters, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking habits. Overweight was defined as BMI of 25-29.9 kg/m2, and obesity as BMI ?30 kg/m2. A logistic regression model was used on data assessment. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tiplaxtinin-pai-039.html BMI was normal in 33.6% of participants, whereas 44.1% were overweight and 21.8% were obese. Higher BMI was correlated with male sex (odds ratio [OR]=0.21), lower education level (OR=0.77) and unhealthy diet (OR=0.57), whereas lower BMI was correlated with lower age (OR=2.05) and unemployment (OR=1.85). To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the prevalence of BMI in a healthy Croatian population; our results confirmed the findings of studies conducted in other European countries. Our results highlighted the importance of improving education levels and raising awareness of healthy dietary habits in high-risk groups, i.e. men and older individuals with lower education levels.